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Loktak Lake, located in the northeastern state of Manipur, India, is one of the most unique and ecologically significant freshwater lakes in South Asia. Known for its floating islands (called phumdis), biodiversity, and vital role in the lives of local communities, Loktak is a popular topic for UPSC exams, especially in geography, environmental science, and current affairs sections. This guide delves into the lake’s geography, ecology, socio-economic importance, and conservation issues, providing key insights for UPSC aspirants.
Loktak Lake is situated near Moirang in the Bishnupur district of Manipur. Covering an area of around 287 square kilometers, it is the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India and one of the most prominent lakes in the country. The lake lies at an elevation of 768.5 meters above sea level and is part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot, which hosts numerous unique and endangered species.
Loktak is fed by multiple rivers and streams, the most significant being the Manipur River, which flows out from the lake. This outflow controls the hydrology of the region, impacting agriculture, fisheries, and water availability in nearby communities.
Loktak Lake stands out for its distinctive floating islands, known locally as phumdis. These phumdis are masses of vegetation, soil, and organic matter that form floating islands, which vary in size and can be large enough to support human habitation.
Phumdis: Phumdis are a unique feature of Loktak Lake and cover a significant portion of its surface. They are primarily composed of decomposed plant matter and soil, creating a habitat for diverse flora and fauna.
Keibul Lamjao National Park: This national park, located within the lake, is the world’s only floating national park. Covering an area of 40 square kilometers, it is home to the endangered Sangai (Rucervus eldii eldii), also known as the Manipuri brow-antlered deer, which is found exclusively in Manipur. The park’s phumdis provide a stable yet floating habitat that is critical for the Sangai’s survival.
Loktak Lake and its surrounding wetlands are ecologically diverse, harboring a range of plants, birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish. This biodiversity makes the lake a high-priority site for conservation and a key resource for the local population.
Flora: Loktak’s wetlands support various types of plants, such as water hyacinths, reeds, and other aquatic plants. These vegetation clusters form the basis for the phumdis, providing habitat and food sources for animals.
Fauna:
This biodiversity has led Loktak Lake to be designated as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, underscoring its significance in terms of conservation and global ecological balance.
Loktak Lake has a profound impact on the lives of people in Manipur. It is a major source of livelihood for the local population, providing resources for fishing, agriculture, tourism, and energy production.
Fishing: Loktak supports the livelihoods of over 100,000 people who depend on it for fishing. Fish caught in the lake are sold in local markets and contribute significantly to the economy of the surrounding regions. Traditional fishing methods using athaphums (circular phumdis used as fishing enclosures) are commonly practiced.
Agriculture: During dry seasons, parts of the lakebed are used for cultivating crops such as rice and vegetables. Local farmers adapt their practices based on water availability, and the lake’s seasonal changes shape their agricultural activities.
Tourism: Loktak Lake attracts visitors from all over the world due to its unique floating islands, Keibul Lamjao National Park, and scenic beauty. The lake supports eco-tourism, with activities like boating and bird-watching. The Sangai Festival, an annual cultural event, also brings in tourists, showcasing Manipuri art, dance, and culture.
Hydropower: The Loktak Hydroelectric Project, commissioned in 1983, is the first hydropower project in northeastern India. The project provides electricity to Manipur and other northeastern states, though it has impacted the lake’s water levels and ecology, raising concerns about sustainable management.
Loktak Lake faces numerous environmental challenges due to human activities, natural factors, and climate change. These issues have threatened the lake’s ecological balance, biodiversity, and the livelihoods of communities dependent on it.
Water Pollution: Increased human settlements, industrial activities, and agricultural runoff have led to water pollution in Loktak Lake. The buildup of pollutants negatively impacts aquatic life and water quality, affecting fishery resources and drinking water.
Hydrological Changes: The Loktak Hydroelectric Project has altered the lake’s natural water flow, leading to fluctuating water levels that affect the lake’s ecosystem and the stability of phumdis. This fluctuation has impacted the Keibul Lamjao National Park, causing the degradation of the Sangai’s habitat.
Climate Change: Climate change has affected rainfall patterns in the region, leading to more irregular water levels and impacting the biodiversity of the lake. Changes in water temperature and precipitation patterns may affect fish spawning, vegetation, and migratory bird behavior.
Invasive Species: The growth of invasive plants, particularly water hyacinth, has affected the lake’s ecosystem by depleting oxygen levels in the water, which impacts fish populations and other aquatic organisms.
Efforts to conserve Loktak Lake are being undertaken at both the national and state levels:
Loktak Development Authority (LDA): The LDA was established to manage and restore Loktak Lake’s ecosystem. Projects initiated by the LDA include removing phumdis to restore water flow, introducing sustainable fishing practices, and controlling pollution.
Keibul Lamjao Conservation: Protection measures for the Keibul Lamjao National Park focus on preserving the Sangai’s habitat and enhancing phumdi stability. Awareness programs and habitat restoration projects aim to prevent further decline in the deer population.
Ramsar Site Designation: Loktak’s status as a Ramsar site has brought international attention to its ecological importance, attracting funding and technical support for conservation projects.
Community Involvement: Local communities have become increasingly involved in conservation through sustainable fishing, ecotourism, and awareness programs. These initiatives help integrate conservation with socio-economic development.
Loktak Lake is a unique ecosystem and a cultural and economic lifeline for the people of Manipur. Its biodiversity, floating islands, and ecological challenges make it a significant topic for UPSC preparation. Understanding Loktak Lake’s geography, environmental significance, and conservation challenges provides valuable insights into sustainable development and the importance of conserving India’s natural heritage. For UPSC aspirants, Loktak Lake offers key lessons in environmental science, geography, and the integration of socio-economic development with conservation efforts.
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