Aravalli Mountain

Introduction to the Aravalli Range

The Aravalli Range, also known as the “backbone of Rajasthan,” is one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, dating back to the Proterozoic era, about 1.8 billion years ago. Extending approximately 700 kilometers, it stretches from Gujarat in the southwest to Delhi in the northeast, traversing through Rajasthan and Haryana. This range holds both geographical and historical significance, playing a crucial role in shaping the climate, biodiversity, and culture of northwestern India.

Geology and Formation

The Aravalli Range is geologically ancient, formed through the collision of tectonic plates during the Proterozoic era. It is composed mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks, including granite, quartzite, and marble. The range is highly eroded due to its age, with its highest peak, Guru Shikhar on Mount Abu, standing at only 1,722 meters. This erosion has resulted in rolling hills rather than sharp, high peaks, unlike younger mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.

Location and Extent

Length: Approximately 700 km
Width: Varies from 10 to 100 km
States Covered: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi

The range is divided into two main parts:

Northern Aravalli Range: Found in Delhi and Haryana, it includes the Delhi Ridge, which acts as a green lung for Delhi.
Southern Aravalli Range: Mainly in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat, encompassing regions like Mount Abu and Udaipur.

Climate Influence and Ecological Significance

The Aravalli Range has a significant influence on the climate of northwestern India. Acting as a barrier, it prevents the advancement of the Thar Desert into the fertile plains of eastern Rajasthan and Haryana. The range impacts the monsoon patterns by obstructing winds, affecting rainfall distribution in Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, and parts of Gujarat.

Forests: The Aravalli hosts deciduous forests and grasslands that support biodiversity, providing habitat for species like leopards, hyenas, and a variety of bird species.
Flora and Fauna: The range supports diverse vegetation such as dhok, kair, and khair trees. It also provides sanctuary to wildlife including reptiles and herbivores like sambhar and nilgai.
Rivers: Key rivers such as the Banas and Sahibi originate here, playing a role in regional agriculture and water supply.

Mineral Resources and Economic Importance

The Aravalli Range is rich in minerals, especially in Rajasthan, making it an important contributor to the state’s economy. Key minerals found in the region include:

Marble: Rajasthan’s famous Makrana marble, used in the Taj Mahal.
Granite and Quartzite: Used in construction and decorative works.
Lead and Zinc: India’s primary source, crucial for various industries.
Copper: Historically significant, with ancient mines present in Khetri.

The mineral wealth has led to extensive mining in the region, contributing significantly to the economy of the region. However, this has also led to environmental challenges, impacting the biodiversity and ecological balance of the range.

Environmental Concerns and Conservation Efforts

Mining and urbanization have significantly impacted the Aravalli Range. Unsustainable mining has led to deforestation, soil erosion, and a loss of wildlife habitat. Illegal mining and unregulated construction have weakened the range, leaving it vulnerable to further degradation.

Deforestation: Loss of vegetation cover has led to soil erosion and desertification, with the Thar Desert threatening to expand.
Water Scarcity: Mining and deforestation have impacted groundwater levels, causing water shortages in the surrounding regions.
Urbanization: Rapid urban expansion in cities like Delhi and Gurgaon has encroached upon the Aravalli’s natural landscapes, leading to habitat fragmentation.

In response, the Supreme Court of India has issued several rulings to curb illegal mining, and environmental activists have advocated for stringent conservation measures. Some initiatives focus on afforestation and wildlife protection in collaboration with state governments and NGOs.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The Aravalli Range has witnessed various historic events and served as a strategic location for many kingdoms in ancient India. The Rajput kingdoms, especially those of Mewar and Marwar, have strong ties to the Aravallis, using the natural fortification provided by the range for defense. Historic forts and palaces, including Chittorgarh and Kumbhalgarh, are located within this range, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of Rajasthan.

Hill Forts: Several forts, such as Kumbhalgarh Fort and Chittorgarh Fort, showcase remarkable Rajput architecture.
Temples: The range is dotted with ancient temples, including the famous Dilwara Temples on Mount Abu, which are exemplary of Jain architecture and craftsmanship.
Folk Culture: The tribes in the region, like the Bhils and Garasias, have a deep-rooted connection to the Aravalli and its forests, which are integral to their cultural practices and folklore.

Role in Water Conservation

Despite being a semi-arid region, the Aravalli Range plays a vital role in groundwater recharge and acts as a watershed for numerous rivers. The traditional water management systems, such as johads (water storage tanks), constructed by local communities, help conserve water and sustain agriculture in the surrounding areas.

Rivers Originating from Aravallis: Rivers such as Luni, Banas, and Sabarmati have their origins in the Aravallis, providing crucial water resources for the states they flow through.
Groundwater Recharge: The range’s porous rocks allow water to percolate and recharge underground aquifers, sustaining agriculture and drinking water needs.

Government Policies and Legal Framework

The Indian government has implemented several policies aimed at conserving the Aravalli Range, including restrictions on mining and urban expansion. The Supreme Court has also intervened to protect this ecologically sensitive zone, issuing rulings against illegal mining and promoting afforestation. Key initiatives include:

The Rajasthan Forest Act: Addresses conservation issues in Rajasthan’s part of the Aravalli Range.
The Environment Protection Act, 1986: Provides a legal framework for tackling environmental issues in the Aravalli.
Supreme Court Rulings: Ban on illegal mining and quarrying to protect the ecosystem.

These efforts aim to restore the ecological balance and ensure sustainable development in the region.

Conclusion

The Aravalli Mountain Range holds immense significance from geological, ecological, historical, and economic perspectives. Its protection is crucial for maintaining the environmental balance in northwestern India. Effective conservation measures, along with sustainable development practices, are essential to preserve the range for future generations. Understanding the role of the Aravallis is vital for UPSC aspirants, as it provides insights into India’s geography, environmental issues, and historical heritage.

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