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Antivenom is a biological product used to treat venomous bites or stings caused by creatures such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, and other venomous animals. It is derived by injecting a small, safe amount of venom into an animal—commonly horses or sheep—which triggers the production of antibodies. These antibodies are then harvested, purified, and used to neutralize venom in affected humans.
Types of Antivenom
Monovalent Antivenom: Targets venom from a single species.
Polyvalent Antivenom: Effective against venoms from multiple species.
The concept of antivenom originated in the late 19th century. Key milestones include:
India, with its rich biodiversity and numerous venomous species, has been a focal point for antivenom research and development.
Step 1: Venom Collection
Venom is extracted from snakes, spiders, or other venomous creatures in controlled environments.
Step 2: Immunization
The extracted venom is diluted and injected into host animals. Over time, these animals produce antibodies against the venom.
Step 3: Antibody Harvesting
Blood is drawn from the host animals, and the antibodies are separated and purified to create the antivenom.
Challenges in Production
Ethical Concerns: Use of animals in antivenom production raises ethical issues.
Limited Efficacy: Antivenom is specific to certain venoms and may not work universally.
Storage and Transport: Antivenom requires cold storage, posing logistical challenges in rural areas.
India accounts for nearly 50% of global snakebite deaths, making antivenom a critical public health tool.
Key Factors Contributing to Snakebite Incidence:
Biodiversity: India is home to venomous snakes like the cobra, krait, Russell’s viper, and saw-scaled viper.
Agricultural Practices: Rural farmers are particularly vulnerable.
Lack of Access: Many victims lack timely access to medical facilities.
Government Initiatives
The Indian government has prioritized snakebite management through:
Free antivenom distribution in government hospitals.
Public awareness campaigns to educate rural populations.
While snakebites are the primary focus, antivenom is also used to treat stings and bites from other venomous creatures:
For UPSC aspirants, understanding the policy implications of antivenom is critical. Key areas of focus include:
Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure
Promoting Research and Development
International Collaboration
Antivenom aligns with several SDGs, including:
Antivenom remains an essential tool in mitigating the impact of venomous bites and stings worldwide. For India, addressing snakebites through improved healthcare infrastructure, public awareness, and policy measures can save thousands of lives annually. As future policymakers, UPSC aspirants must recognize the significance of antivenom within the broader context of public health and sustainable development.
By fostering innovation, ensuring accessibility, and promoting awareness, antivenom can become a symbol of resilience against nature’s challenges, safeguarding lives and livelihoods.
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