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The Aravalli Range, also known as the “backbone of Rajasthan,” is one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, dating back to the Proterozoic era, about 1.8 billion years ago. Extending approximately 700 kilometers, it stretches from Gujarat in the southwest to Delhi in the northeast, traversing through Rajasthan and Haryana. This range holds both geographical and historical significance, playing a crucial role in shaping the climate, biodiversity, and culture of northwestern India.
The Aravalli Range is geologically ancient, formed through the collision of tectonic plates during the Proterozoic era. It is composed mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks, including granite, quartzite, and marble. The range is highly eroded due to its age, with its highest peak, Guru Shikhar on Mount Abu, standing at only 1,722 meters. This erosion has resulted in rolling hills rather than sharp, high peaks, unlike younger mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.
The range is divided into two main parts:
The Aravalli Range has a significant influence on the climate of northwestern India. Acting as a barrier, it prevents the advancement of the Thar Desert into the fertile plains of eastern Rajasthan and Haryana. The range impacts the monsoon patterns by obstructing winds, affecting rainfall distribution in Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, and parts of Gujarat.
The Aravalli Range is rich in minerals, especially in Rajasthan, making it an important contributor to the state’s economy. Key minerals found in the region include:
The mineral wealth has led to extensive mining in the region, contributing significantly to the economy of the region. However, this has also led to environmental challenges, impacting the biodiversity and ecological balance of the range.
Mining and urbanization have significantly impacted the Aravalli Range. Unsustainable mining has led to deforestation, soil erosion, and a loss of wildlife habitat. Illegal mining and unregulated construction have weakened the range, leaving it vulnerable to further degradation.
In response, the Supreme Court of India has issued several rulings to curb illegal mining, and environmental activists have advocated for stringent conservation measures. Some initiatives focus on afforestation and wildlife protection in collaboration with state governments and NGOs.
The Aravalli Range has witnessed various historic events and served as a strategic location for many kingdoms in ancient India. The Rajput kingdoms, especially those of Mewar and Marwar, have strong ties to the Aravallis, using the natural fortification provided by the range for defense. Historic forts and palaces, including Chittorgarh and Kumbhalgarh, are located within this range, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of Rajasthan.
Despite being a semi-arid region, the Aravalli Range plays a vital role in groundwater recharge and acts as a watershed for numerous rivers. The traditional water management systems, such as johads (water storage tanks), constructed by local communities, help conserve water and sustain agriculture in the surrounding areas.
The Indian government has implemented several policies aimed at conserving the Aravalli Range, including restrictions on mining and urban expansion. The Supreme Court has also intervened to protect this ecologically sensitive zone, issuing rulings against illegal mining and promoting afforestation. Key initiatives include:
These efforts aim to restore the ecological balance and ensure sustainable development in the region.
The Aravalli Mountain Range holds immense significance from geological, ecological, historical, and economic perspectives. Its protection is crucial for maintaining the environmental balance in northwestern India. Effective conservation measures, along with sustainable development practices, are essential to preserve the range for future generations. Understanding the role of the Aravallis is vital for UPSC aspirants, as it provides insights into India’s geography, environmental issues, and historical heritage.
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