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The Black Kite (Milvus migrans) is a medium-sized bird of prey found across India, Asia, Africa, and Europe. It is one of the most common raptors in urban and rural landscapes, known for its scavenging habits and adaptability. For UPSC aspirants, understanding the ecology, conservation status, role in the ecosystem, and challenges faced by Black Kites is essential for Prelims (Environment & Ecology), Mains (GS-3: Biodiversity & Conservation), and the Interview.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Milvus
Species: Milvus migrans
Subspecies
Milvus migrans migrans – Found in Europe and western Asia
Milvus migrans govinda – Found in South Asia, including India (Commonly called Pariah Kite)
Milvus migrans lineatus – Found in East Asia
Milvus migrans aegyptius – Found in North Africa
Breeding Season: December to May (India).
Nest Location: Builds nests on tall trees, buildings, and cliffs.
Nesting Material: Sticks, twigs, and human debris (plastic, cloth, wires).
Eggs: Lays 2-3 white eggs with brown markings.
Parental Care: Both parents protect and feed the chicks.
Fledging Period: Chicks take 40-50 days to develop full flight capabilities.
A. Natural Scavenger
Helps in cleaning up dead animals and reducing disease outbreaks.
Controls populations of rodents, insects, and pests.
B. Indicator of Environmental Health
High populations indicate abundant food sources (scavenged waste).
Declining numbers may indicate pollution, pesticide use, or habitat destruction.
A. IUCN Status
Least Concern (LC), but facing regional threats.
B. Threats to Black Kite Population
Urban Pollution & Habitat Loss
Rapid urbanization reduces natural nesting sites.
Air pollution and heavy metal contamination affect health.
Plastic and Wire Pollution
Black Kites often use plastic and metal wires in nests, leading to injuries or death.
Poisoning and Pesticides
Ingesting poisoned rodents or chemically contaminated food leads to toxicity and population decline.
Electrocution and Collisions
High-voltage power lines and urban structures pose a risk.
Many birds collide with glass windows and high-rise buildings.
Hunting and Superstitions
Some communities hunt Kites for feathers or superstitious beliefs.
The Black Kite is a vital scavenger species, helping maintain urban and rural ecosystems. Despite its resilience and adaptability, it faces threats from pollution, urbanization, and electrocution. Conservation efforts must focus on reducing environmental hazards, protecting nesting sites, and promoting public awareness.
For UPSC aspirants, the Black Kite serves as an excellent case study in urban biodiversity, conservation challenges, and sustainable development. Strengthening conservation measures will ensure this magnificent bird continues to soar in India’s skies.
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