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Key facts about Morocco

Introduction

Official Name:
Kingdom of Morocco
Geographical Location:
  • Region: North Africa
  • Coordinates: Between latitudes 27°N and 36°N and longitudes 1°W and 13°W.
  • Borders:
    • Land: Algeria (to the east and southeast), Western Sahara (to the south).
    • Water: Atlantic Ocean (to the west), Mediterranean Sea (to the north).

Geopolitical Significance

  1. Proximity to Europe:
    • Morocco is only 14 kilometers away from Spain at the Strait of Gibraltar, serving as a gateway between Africa and Europe.
  2. Strategic Location:
    • The country controls access to the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean, making it crucial for global maritime trade.
  3. Regional Power:
    • Morocco plays a significant role in African and Middle Eastern geopolitics, including peacekeeping, counter-terrorism, and migration management.

Historical Background

  1. Ancient Civilizations:

    • Morocco’s history dates back to the Phoenician era (12th century BCE).
    • It later became part of the Roman Empire and was known for its important city, Volubilis.

  2. Islamic Influence:

    • Islam was introduced in the 7th century, shaping Morocco’s culture, language, and architecture.
    • The region was ruled by powerful dynasties like the Almoravids, Almohads, and Marinids.

  3. Colonial Era:

    • Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912, with Spain controlling parts of the northern and southern regions.
    • It gained independence in 1956, with Sultan Mohammed V playing a pivotal role.

Political System

  1. Government Type:

    • Constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament.
    • The King of Morocco has significant powers, including being the Commander of the Faithful.

  2. Current Leadership:

    • King: Mohammed VI (since 1999).
    • Prime Minister: Aziz Akhannouch (as of 2024).

  3. Administrative Divisions:

    • 12 regions subdivided into provinces and prefectures.

  4. Major Political Issues:

    • Western Sahara dispute: Morocco claims sovereignty, while the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) seeks independence.

Economic Overview

  1. GDP:

    • Morocco is classified as a lower-middle-income country with a GDP of approximately $133 billion (2023 estimate).

  2. Key Sectors:

    • Agriculture: Major exports include citrus fruits, olives, and argan oil.
    • Industry: Phosphate mining, automotive manufacturing, and textiles.
    • Tourism: Known for its rich history and diverse landscapes, attracting millions annually.

  3. Trade Partners:

    • Major Export Destinations: European Union (France, Spain), USA.
    • Imports: Machinery, energy products, and foodstuffs.

  4. Special Economic Zones:

    • Tangier Free Zone (TFZ) serves as a hub for manufacturing and trade.

Cultural Heritage

  1. Language:

    • Official Languages: Arabic and Amazigh (Berber).
    • French is widely used in business and education.

  2. Religion:

    • Islam is the predominant religion, with Sunni Muslims forming the majority.

  3. UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

    • Historic cities like Fez, Marrakesh, and Meknes.
    • Archaeological sites such as Volubilis.
    • The Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou (a traditional pre-Saharan habitat).

  4. Cuisine:

    • Known for dishes like tagine, couscous, and pastilla.

  5. Festivals:

    • Mawazine Music Festival and the International Film Festival in Marrakesh.

Geography and Climate

  1. Topography:

    • Mountain Ranges: Atlas Mountains (divided into High Atlas, Middle Atlas, and Anti-Atlas).
    • Deserts: Part of the Sahara Desert lies in southern Morocco.
    • Coastline: Over 1,800 kilometers along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

  2. Climate:

    • Mediterranean in the north, transitioning to desert in the south.
    • Winters are mild and rainy; summers are hot and dry.

  3. Natural Resources:

    • Phosphates (largest global reserves), lead, zinc, and fish.

Morocco’s Foreign Relations

  1. African Union:

    • Morocco rejoined the African Union in 2017 after leaving in 1984 over the Western Sahara dispute.

  2. Arab League:

    • An active member contributing to regional political and economic issues.

  3. Relations with India:

    • Strong bilateral ties in trade, education, and cultural exchanges.
    • Morocco supports India’s stance on terrorism and shares interests in renewable energy.

  4. Western Sahara Issue:

    • A long-standing territorial dispute with the Polisario Front.
    • UN-led negotiations aim for a peaceful resolution.

Key Facts for UPSC

  1. Capital: Rabat
  2. Largest City: Casablanca
  3. Currency: Moroccan Dirham (MAD)
  4. Population: Approximately 37 million (2023 estimate).
  5. National Symbols:
    • Flag: Red with a green pentagram.
    • Motto: “God, Homeland, King.”

Conclusion

Morocco is a nation of immense historical and geopolitical importance, serving as a bridge between Africa and Europe. Its diverse culture, strategic location, and growing economy make it a crucial player on the global stage. For UPSC aspirants, understanding Morocco’s key aspects provides insights into broader themes of international relations, regional geopolitics, and cultural heritage.

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