Introduction
The Reang tribe, also known as Bru, is an indigenous tribal community of India, predominantly residing in the northeastern states of Tripura, Mizoram, and Assam. They are recognized as one of the 19 Scheduled Tribes in Tripura and are an integral part of India’s rich tribal heritage. Understanding the Reang tribe is essential for UPSC aspirants, particularly for subjects like Indian society, tribal issues, and cultural diversity.
Origins and Distribution
- Ethnic Identity: The Reang tribe is part of the Indo-Mongoloid racial group. They are believed to have migrated from Myanmar (Burma) several centuries ago.
- Settlement Areas:
- Tripura: The largest concentration of Reangs is found here, particularly in the hilly and forested areas.
- Mizoram: Known locally as Bru, they are present in the Mamit, Kolasib, and Lunglei districts.
- Assam: Smaller populations are found in the Barak Valley region.
- Population: According to the 2011 Census, the Reang community constitutes approximately 3.1% of Tripura’s total population.
Language and Script
- Language:
- The Reangs speak the “Kaubru” dialect, which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman linguistic family.
- The language has no written script; oral traditions dominate.
- Multilingualism: Many Reangs are conversant in Bengali and Kokborok due to their integration with other communities.
Traditional Occupation and Economy
- Agriculture:
- Jhum (shifting) cultivation is the primary agricultural practice, reflecting their symbiotic relationship with the forest.
- They grow crops like rice, maize, cotton, and vegetables.
- Forest Products:
- The Reangs depend heavily on forest resources for sustenance, including firewood, bamboo, and wild fruits.
- Handicrafts:
- Weaving, basket-making, and other bamboo-based crafts are key supplementary occupations.
Social Structure
- Clan System:
- The tribe is organized into exogamous clans, and marriages are strictly prohibited within the same clan.
- Matrilineal Influence: Though patriarchal in structure, women play a vital role in economic activities and social customs.
- Community Leadership:
- Village councils, called Hoda, resolve disputes and manage community welfare.
- Elders and traditional chiefs hold significant authority.
Religious Beliefs and Practices
- Animism and Nature Worship:
- The Reangs practice animism, venerating nature and ancestral spirits.
- Their traditional religion is deeply intertwined with environmental elements like forests, rivers, and hills.
- Deities:
- Key deities include Lampra (the sky god) and Bathou (represented by the Siju tree).
- Sacrifices and rituals are common during festivals and special occasions.
- Influence of Hinduism:
- Over time, Hindu customs and practices have influenced the Reangs, with many adopting Hindu festivals like Durga Puja.
Cultural Traditions
- Attire:
- Women: Wear a unique handwoven cloth called Rignai (lower garment) and Risa (upper garment).
- Men: Traditionally wear a loincloth and turban.
- Music and Dance:
- Reang culture is rich in music and dance, often performed during festivals and social events.
- Instruments like flutes, drums, and cymbals are used.
- The Hozagiri dance is the most renowned Reang dance form, characterized by graceful balancing and vibrant movements.
- Cuisine:
- Predominantly rice-based, their diet includes forest products, vegetables, and meat. Bamboo shoot dishes are a specialty.
Festivals
- Key Festivals:
- Lampra Puja: Worship of the sky god.
- Buisu: A harvest festival similar to Bihu in Assam.
- Kathak Puja: Worship of deities for prosperity.
- Seasonal Celebrations: Many festivals align with agricultural cycles, reflecting their deep connection to nature.
Conclusion
The Reang tribe exemplifies the cultural richness and challenges of India’s tribal communities. For UPSC aspirants, understanding the Reang tribe is crucial not only for Prelims and Mains but also for developing a broader perspective on India’s pluralistic society. Their story underscores the delicate balance between tradition, development, and modernity.
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