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Khorlochhu Hydropower Project

Introduction

The Khorlochu Hydropower Project in Bhutan is an example of sustainable energy production in the Himalayan region. Hydropower development is a cornerstone of Bhutan’s economy and aligns with its commitment to Gross National Happiness (GNH) and environmental conservation. The Khorlochu project reflects Bhutan’s dedication to leveraging natural resources for economic development while maintaining ecological balance.

For UPSC aspirants, this topic covers areas such as energy policy, sustainable development, international relations, and environmental conservation.

Background

Bhutan’s Hydropower Potential
Bhutan, often referred to as the “Land of Thunder Dragon,” is blessed with abundant water resources.
  • The country has an estimated hydropower potential of 30,000 MW, of which approximately 24,000 MW is economically feasible.
  • Currently, Bhutan exploits around 10% of its potential, making hydropower development a strategic focus for the nation.
Khorlochu Hydropower Project
  • Located on the Khorlochu River, a tributary of the Kurichhu River, the project is a part of Bhutan’s initiative to harness its hydropower resources for domestic consumption and export.
  • It is expected to generate renewable electricity while addressing Bhutan’s commitment to carbon neutrality.

Key Features of the Project

  1. Capacity

    • Installed capacity of XXX MW (specific figure varies in sources; for actual data, confirm through current publications).

  2. Technology

    • Uses run-of-the-river (ROR) technology, which minimizes environmental and social impacts.

  3. Funding and Collaboration

    • Jointly funded by Bhutan and international agencies, with support from India under bilateral agreements.

  4. Infrastructure

    • Includes dams, powerhouses, and transmission networks for both domestic and export purposes.

Objectives of the Khorlochu Hydropower Project

  1. Energy Generation:

    • Enhance Bhutan’s energy production to meet domestic demand and export excess power to neighboring countries.

  2. Economic Development:

    • Generate revenue for Bhutan, contributing to socio-economic progress.

  3. Sustainability:

    • Promote clean energy to meet climate goals and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

  4. Regional Cooperation:

    • Strengthen energy ties with India and contribute to South Asia’s energy security.

Environmental Impact

Positive Impacts
  1. Low Carbon Footprint:
    • Generates renewable energy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
  2. Biodiversity Conservation:
    • Adheres to strict guidelines to protect local ecosystems.
  3. Climate Resilience:
    • Helps mitigate climate change effects by promoting sustainable energy.
Challenges
  1. Displacement:
    • Local communities may face displacement due to dam construction.
  2. Ecosystem Disruption:
    • Alteration of river flow can impact aquatic ecosystems.
  3. Glacial Risks:
    • The project lies in a region susceptible to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).

Economic Importance

  1. Revenue Generation

    • Hydropower is Bhutan’s primary export to India, contributing significantly to its GDP.

  2. Job Creation

    • Provides employment during construction and operation phases.

  3. Energy Trade

    • Strengthens Bhutan’s economic ties with India and positions Bhutan as a leader in clean energy.

International Significance

  • India-Bhutan Cooperation

    • Hydropower forms the backbone of India-Bhutan bilateral relations.
    • India provides technical and financial support, while Bhutan supplies electricity.

  • Regional Energy Grid

    • Contributes to the South Asian regional grid, promoting energy integration and security.

  • Global Climate Goals

    • Aligns with Bhutan’s commitment to remaining carbon negative and contributes to global renewable energy targets.

Challenges in Hydropower Development

  1. Environmental Concerns

    • Balancing hydropower development with biodiversity conservation is a persistent challenge.

  2. Financial Viability

    • High costs of construction and maintenance require significant investment.

  3. Geological Risks

    • Bhutan’s rugged terrain and seismic activity pose risks to hydropower infrastructure.

  4. Water Sharing Issues

    • Cross-border river management requires effective cooperation to avoid disputes.

Relevance to UPSC Preparation

Prelims
  • Geography: River systems and hydropower potential in the Himalayan region.
  • Environment: Renewable energy, carbon neutrality, and biodiversity conservation.
Mains (GS-II)
  • International Relations: India-Bhutan relations and energy diplomacy.
  • Governance: Policies for sustainable development and resource management.
Mains (GS-III)
  • Economy: Role of hydropower in revenue generation and economic growth.
  • Environment: Impacts of hydropower and strategies for mitigation.
Essay
  • Topics on energy security, sustainable development, and regional cooperation.

Government Policies and Initiatives

  1. Bhutan’s Renewable Energy Policy

    • Emphasizes hydropower development as a key driver of economic growth.

  2. India-Bhutan Hydropower Agreement

    • Provides technical expertise, funding, and guarantees for energy purchase.

  3. South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC)

    • Aims to integrate energy grids for shared benefits in the region.

Success Stories and Lessons

  1. Bhutan’s Carbon Negative Status

    • Bhutan is the only carbon-negative country in the world, largely due to its reliance on hydropower and forest conservation.

  2. Community Participation

    • Engaging local communities ensures social acceptance and minimizes conflicts.

  3. Run-of-the-River Technology

    • Demonstrates how innovative designs can reduce environmental impacts.

Conclusion

The Khorlochu Hydropower Project is a testament to Bhutan’s sustainable development model, balancing economic growth with environmental conservation. Its success underscores the potential of renewable energy as a catalyst for development, both domestically and regionally.

For UPSC aspirants, studying this project offers valuable insights into energy policy, international relations, and sustainable practices, making it a critical topic for examination and understanding global development dynamics.

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