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Operation Vijay (1961) was a significant military action undertaken by India to liberate Goa, Daman, and Diu from Portuguese colonial rule. This operation marked the end of European colonial presence in India and reinforced India’s sovereignty. Understanding this event is crucial for UPSC aspirants, as it relates to post-independence history, India’s foreign policy, and military strategy.
This eBook provides an in-depth analysis of the causes, execution, and consequences of Operation Vijay.
Portuguese Rule in India
The Portuguese arrived in India in 1498, led by Vasco da Gama.
In 1510, Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa, making it the headquarters of Portuguese India.
Unlike the British and the French, who left India by 1947, the Portuguese refused to decolonize their territories in India.
Goa’s Importance
Economic: Goa was a major port for spice trade and later, for iron ore exports.
Strategic: It was located on India’s western coastline, making it a crucial point for maritime trade.
Cultural: Despite over 450 years of Portuguese rule, Goans had a strong cultural identity linked to India.
Post-Independence Developments
1947: India became independent, but Portugal refused to hand over Goa, Daman, and Diu.
1950: India initiated diplomatic talks with Portugal for a peaceful transfer.
1953: India cut off diplomatic relations with Portugal due to its refusal to decolonize.
1955: Satyagrahis from India attempted to enter Goa but were met with violence from Portuguese forces.
International Response
Portugal claimed Goa was an integral part of Portugal and took the issue to NATO and the UN.
Western nations (U.S. & U.K.) supported Portugal, while the Soviet Union backed India.
After years of failed diplomacy, India decided to use military force.
Planning the Military Operation
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru approved military action in December 1961.
Defense Minister V.K. Krishna Menon and Army Chief General P.N. Thapar led the operation.
The goal was swift military action with minimal casualties.
Military Strategy
Date of Operation: December 18-19, 1961.
Forces Involved:
Army: 30,000 Indian troops.
Navy: INS Delhi, INS Mysore, and other warships blocked Portuguese reinforcements.
Air Force: Canberra bombers targeted Portuguese positions.
Key Battles
North and East Front: Indian forces entered Goa from Belgaum and Karwar.
Battle of Aguada Fort: Portuguese resistance crumbled against Indian artillery.
Naval Blockade: The Indian Navy blocked the Portuguese frigate NRP Afonso de Albuquerque, forcing surrender.
Surrender of Portuguese Forces
December 19, 1961: Portuguese Governor General Manuel António Vassalo e Silva surrendered.
Goa, Daman, and Diu were annexed into India.
Political Impact
Goa was integrated into India as a Union Territory (later became a state in 1987).
End of European rule in India: Portugal was the last European power to exit India.
International Reaction
Portugal severed diplomatic ties with India until 1974.
Western nations criticized India, but the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and Soviet Union supported India.
The UN did not impose sanctions on India, signaling global acceptance of India’s action.
Economic and Social Impact
Goa’s economy transitioned from colonial exploitation to a modern, tourism-driven economy.
Portuguese influence remained in Goan culture, architecture, and traditions.
India’s Foreign Policy and Use of Force
Peaceful diplomacy vs. military action: India preferred diplomacy but used force when necessary.
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): The incident reinforced India’s independent stance in global politics.
Military Strategy and Defense Studies
Operation Vijay was an example of well-coordinated military strategy using the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
It highlighted the importance of swift, decisive action in military operations.
Legal and Constitutional Aspects
Goa was granted Union Territory status under Article 239 of the Indian Constitution.
Later, through the Goa, Daman, and Diu Reorganisation Act (1987), Goa became a full-fledged state.
Operation Vijay (1961) was a landmark event in India’s post-independence history. It reinforced India’s commitment to decolonization, demonstrated India’s military capabilities, and strengthened national unity.
For UPSC aspirants, understanding this event is essential for modern history, international relations, security studies, and governance.
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